Cadılık, çeşitli tarihi, antropolojik, dini ve mitolojik kaynaklarda, çeşitli doğaüstü veya sihirli, büyülü oldukları iddia edilen yeteneklere verilen isimdir. Bir cadı da, cadılık öğretilerini uygulayan kişidir. Mitolojik cadılar doğaüstü yaratıklarken, tarihte pek çok insan, cadılık suçuyla ``suçlanmıştır``. Cadılık hala bazı inanç sistemleriyle ve pek çok modern uygulayıcısıyla varlığını sürdürmektedir.
"Cadılık" kavramı kültürel bağlamlarda olumlu ya da olumsuz anlamlar içerebilir. Örneğin Eski Hristiyan Avrupa`da cadılar şeytani güçlerle ve şeytanla ilişkilendirilirlerken, modern çağda, günümüzde, cadılar kendilerini iyilikçi ve ahlak olarak da olumlu insanlar olarak tanımlamakta, diğer insanlarca da böyle tanınmaktadırlar.
Tarihi örneklerde cadıların çoğu kadın olmasına rağmen, erkekler de cadı olabilirler. Erkek cadılara ise, gerek tarihte, gerek mitolojide, büyücü adı verilmiştir.For a book-length treatment, see Lara Apps and Andrew Gow, ``Male Witches in Early Modern Europe``, Manchester University Press (2003), ISBN 0719057094. Conversely, for repeated use of the term "warlock" to refer to a male witch see Chambers, Robert, ``Domestic Annals of Scotland``, Edinburgh, 1861; and Sinclair, George, ``Satan`s Invisible World Discovered``, Edinburgh, 1871..
Tanıtım
Sometimes witchcraft is used to refer, broadly, to the practice of indigenous magic, and has a connotation similar to shamanism. Depending on the values of the community, witchcraft in this sense may be regarded with varying degrees of respect or suspicion, or with ambivalence, being neither intrinsically good nor evil. Members of some religions have applied the term witchcraft in a pejorative sense to refer to all magical or ritual practices other than those sanctioned by their own doctrines - although this has become less common, at least in the Western world. According to some religious doctrines, all forms of magic are labelled witchcraft, and are either proscribed or treated as superstitious. Such religions consider their own ritual practices to be not at all magical, but rather simply variations of prayer.
"Witchcraft" is also used to refer, narrowly, to the practice of magic in an exclusively ``inimical`` sense. If the community accepts magical practice in general, then there is typically a clear separation between witches (in this sense) and the terms used to describe legitimate practitioners. This use of the term is most often found in accusations against individuals who are suspected of causing harm in the community by way of supernatural means. Belief in witches of this sort has been common among most of the indigenous populations of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. On occasion such accusations have led to witch hunts.
Under the monotheistic religions of the Levant (primarily Christianity, and Islam), witchcraft came to be associated with heresy, rising to a fever pitch among the Catholics, Protestants, and secular leadership of the European Late Medieval/Early Modern period. Throughout this time, the concept of witchcraft came increasingly to be interpreted as a form of Devil worship. Accusations of witchcraft were frequently combined with other charges of heresy against such groups as the Cathars and Waldensians.
In the modern Western world, witchcraft accusations have often accompanied the Satanic Ritual Abuse hysteria. Such accusations are a counterpart to blood libel of various kinds, which may be found throughout history across the globe.
Uygulamalar cadılığa dayanır
Practices to which the witchcraft label have historically been applied are those whichBüyü yapımı
main|Magic (paranormal)Spell Casting that involves the ability to cast magic spells onto a person, involves the spell casting of the spell directly into the energy link of this person.[1] It is said that the energy link is the key component that identifies one person over another during conjure. The influence of the spell resides in the energy link and influences outward. This method of spell casting influence is strongly linked with chanting, candles, and rituals.
Ölüme meydan okuma
Strictly speaking, "Necromancy" is the practice of conjuring the spirits of the dead for divination or prophecy - although the term has also been applied to raising the dead for other purposes. The Biblical `Witch` of Endor is supposed to have performed it (1 Sam. 28), and it is among the witchcraft practices condemned by í†lfric of Eynsham:"Yet fares witches to where roads meet, and to heathen burials with their phantom craft and call to them the devil, and he comes to them in the dead man`s likeness, as if he from death arises, but she cannot cause that to happen, the dead to arise through her wizardry."[2]
In Wicca, Samhain or Halloween is held to be the time when the veil between the living world and the Other World is at its thinnest, and this is a common time to attempt contact with those who have passed on.
Diğer uygulamalar
- Meditasyon
- Enerji işleme
- Auraları görme
- Ouijaları kullanmak
- Chanting mantras
- İyileşme
- Kehanet - by tarot, runes, etc.
- Astroloji, horoskopları okuma yolu
- Use of poppets
- Ruhlardan yardım alma
- Scrying
Yerleşime göre
Avrupa
main|European witchcraft had male völvas (shamans) tied up and left on a skerry at ebb.]The characterisation of the witch in Europe is not derived from a single source. Popular neopagan beliefs suggest that witches were female or male shamans who were made into malicious figures by Christian propaganda. But the familiar witch of folklore and popular superstition is a combination of numerous influences.
The characterisation of the witch, as an evil magic user, developed over time. [3] The advent of Christianity suggests that potential Christians, comfortable with the use of magic as part of their daily lives, expected Christian clergy to work magic more effectively than the old Pagan way. While Christianity competed with Pagan religion, this concern was paramount, only lessening in importance once Christianity was the dominant religion in most of Europe. In place of the old Pagan magic methodology, the Church placed a Christian methodology involving saints and divine relics — a short step from the old Pagan techniques of numerous deities, amulets and talismans.
The Protestant Christian explanation for witchcraft, such as those typified in the confessions of the Pendle Witches, commonly involve a diabolical pact or at least an appeal to the intervention of the spirits of evil [4]. The witches or wizards addicted to such practices were alleged to reject Jesus and the sacraments, observe "the witches` sabbath" (performing infernal rites which often parodied the Mass or other sacraments of the Church), pay Divine honour to the Prince of Darkness, and, in return, receive from him preternatural powers. Witches were most often characterized as women. Witches disrupted the societal institutions, and more specifically, marriage. It was believed that a witch often joined a pact with the devil to gain powers to deal with infertility, immense fear for her children`s well-being, or revenge against a lover.
The Church and European society was not always obsessed with hunting witches and blaming them for bad occurrences. Saint Boniface declared in the 8th century that belief in the existence of witches was un-Christian. The emperor Charlemagne decreed that the burning of supposed witches was a pagan custom that would be punished by the death penalty. In 820 the Bishop of Lyon and others repudiated the belief that witches could make bad weather, fly in the night, and change their shape. This denial was accepted into Canon law until it was reversed in later centuries as the witch-hunt gained force. Other rulers such as King Coloman of Hungary declared that witch-hunts should cease because witches do not exist.
The Church did not invent the idea of witchcraft as a potentially harmful force whose practitioners should be put to death. This idea is commonplace in pre-Christian religions and is a logical consequence of belief in magic. According to the scholar Max Dashu, the concept of medieval witchcraft contained many of its elements even before the emergence of Christianity. These can be found in Bacchanalias, especially in the time when they were led by priestess Paculla Annia (188-186). However, previous to this time, not all witches were assumed to be harmful practicers of the craft. The Malleus Maleficarum defined a witch as evil and typically female. This document outlined how to identify a witch, what made a woman more likely to be a witch, how to put a witch to trial (involving extensive torture and confession) and how to punish a witch.
In England, the provision of this curative magic was the job of a witch doctor, also known as a cunning man, white witch, or wiseman. The term "witch doctor" was in use in England before it came to be associated with Africa. Toad doctors were also credited with the ability to undo evil witchcraft. (Other folk magicians had their own purviews. Girdle-measurers specialised in diagnosing ailments caused by fairies, while magical cures for more mundane ailments, such as burns or toothache, could be had from charmers.)
"In the north of England, the superstition lingers to an almost inconceivable extent. Lancashire abounds with witch-doctors, a set of quacks, who pretend to cure diseases inflicted by the devil... The witch-doctor alluded to is better known by the name of the cunning man, and has a large practice in the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham."
`s ``Los Caprichos``: ``¡Linda maestra!`` ("The Spoils: Beautiful Teacher!") - witches heading to a Sabbath]
Such "cunning-folk" did not refer to themselves as witches and objected to the accusation that they were such. Records from the Middle Ages, however, make it appear that it was, quite often, not entirely clear to the populace whether a given practitioner of magic was a witch or one of the cunning-folk. In addition, it appears that much of the populace was willing to approach either of these groups for healing magic and divination. When a person was known to be a witch, the populace would still seek to employ their healing skills; however, as was not the case with cunning-folk, members of the general population would also hire witches to curse their enemies. The important distinction is that there are records of the populace reporting alleged witches to the authorities as such, whereas cunning-folk were not so incriminated; they were more commonly prosecuted for accusing the innocent or defrauding people of money.
The long-term result of this amalgamation of distinct types of magic-worker into one is the considerable present-day confusion as to what witches actually did, whether they harmed or healed, what role (if any) they had in the community, whether they can be identified with the "witches" of other cultures and even whether they existed as anything other than a projection. Present-day beliefs about the witches of history attribute to them elements of the folklore witch, the charmer, the cunning man or wise woman, the diviner and the astrologer.
Powers typically attributed to European witches include turning food poisonous or inedible, flying on broomsticks or pitchforks, casting spells, cursing people, making livestock ill and crops fail, and creating fear and local chaos.
See also:
- ``Malleus Maleficarum``
- Witch-hunt
- Flying ointment
- Sorginak (Basque witches)
Asya
Antik çağlar
The belief in witchcraft and its practice seem to have been widespread in the past. Both in ancient Egypt and in Babylonia it played a conspicuous part, as existing records plainly show. It will be sufficient to quote a short section from the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 B.C.). It is there prescribed,``If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him.````International Standard Bible Encyclopedia`` article on Witchcraft, last accessed 31 March 2006. There is some discrepancy between translations; compare with that given in the ``Catholic Encyclopedia`` article on Witchcraft (accessed 31 March 2006), and the L. W. King translation (accessed 31 March 2006)
Pakistan
Some Pakistanis strongly believe in the concept of Black Magic. Many cases of witch-burning were reported in late 60s and early 70s. Some women were also honour killed due to their alleged practice of witchcraft.In Pakistan and especially Karachi, a woman seen with her feet pointed backwards and without toes is considered to be a witch or a creature of darkness. Though many have claimed to have encountered such a creature, it is widely regarded as being mythical.
Eski Ahit
In the Hebrew Bible references to witchcraft are frequent, and the strong condemnations of such practices which we read there do not seem to be based so much upon the supposition of fraud as upon the "abomination" of the magic in itself.Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11-12 and Exodus 22:18 "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" provided scripural justification for Christian witch hunters in the early Modern Age (see Christian views on witchcraft). The Bible also provides some evidence that these commandments were enforced under the Hebrew kings:
"And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee. And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die?"I Samuel 28 (The Hebrew verb "Hichrit" (הכרית) translated in the King James as "cut off", can also be translated as "kill wholesale" or "exterminate")
The whole narrative of this visit by Saul to the Witch of En Dor implies belief in the reality of the witch`s evocation of the shade of Samuel. However, the witch responds with shocked surprise at the manifestation, denoting that the witch had actually expected something different -- presumably either nothing real at all or a lying ("familiar") spirit. Rabbinical literature explains the shock as such: When a spirit is summoned, it appears upside down unless the person the spirit is being summoned for is a king. When Samuel was summoned, he appeared standing upwards. This shocked the witch and she thought the king would have her killed.Fact|date=April 2007
From Leviticus 20:27: "A man or woman in whom there is a pythonical or divining spirit, dying let them die: they shall stone them: Their blood be upon them", we should naturally infer that the divining spirit was not believed to be a mere imposture.
Yeni Ahit
``See also: Christian views on witchcraft``
The prohibitions of sorcery in the New Testament leave the same impression (Galatians 5:20, compared with Revelation 21:8; 22:15; and Acts 8:9; 13:6). Supposing that the belief in witchcraft were held to be an idle superstition, it would be strange that the suggestion should nowhere be made that the evil of these practices only lay in the pretending to the possession of powers which did not really exist.
There is some debate, however, as to whether the word used in Galatians and Revelation, ``Pharmakeia``, is properly translated as "sorcery", as the word was commonly used to describe malicious use of drugs as in poisons, contraceptives, and abortifacients.
Yahudilik
Jewish law views the practice of witchcraft as being laden with idolatry and/or necromancy; both being serious theological and practical offenses in Judaism. According to Traditional Judaism, it is acknowledged that while magic exists, it is forbidden to practice it on the basis that it usually involves the worship of other gods. Rabbis of the Talmud also condemned magic when it produced something other than illusion, giving the example of two men who use magic to pick cucumbers (Sanhedrin 67a). The one who creates the illusion of picking cucumbers should not be condemned, only the one who actually picks the cucumbers through magic. However, some of the Rabbis practiced magic themselves. For instance, Rabbi Rabbah created a person and sent him to Rabbi Zera, and Rabbi Hanina and Rabbi Oshaia studied every Sabbath evening together and created a small calf to eat (Sanhedrin 65b).Some Neopagans study and practice forms of magery based on a syncretism between classical Jewish mysticism and modern witchcraft. (See "The Witches Qabalah", in the list of references below.) These practitioners tend to identify with Judeo-Paganism (also known as Jewish Paganism), and/or practice Jewitchery, or Jewish Witchcraft. These individuals and groups either borrow from existing Jewish magical traditions or reconstruct rituals based on Judaism and NeoPaganism. Several references on these subjects include Ellen Cannon Reed`s book "The Witches Qabala: The Pagan Path and the Tree of Life", "The Hebrew Goddess", by Raphael Patai, and the forthcoming book "Magickal Judaism: Blending Pagan and Jewish Practice", by Jennifer Hunter.
İslam
Divination and Magic in Islam encompass a wide range of practices, including black magic, warding off the evil eye, the production of amulets and other magical equipment, conjuring, casting lots, astrology and physiognomy.
Muslims, followers of the religion of Islam, do commonly believe in magic, and explicitly forbid the practice of it (Sihr). Sihr translates as sorcery or black magic from Arabic. Many Muslims believe that the devils taught sorcery to mankind:
And they follow that which the devils falsely related against the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon disbelieved not; but the devils disbelieved, teaching mankind sorcery and that which was revealed to the two angels in Babel, Harut and Marut. Nor did they (the two angels) teach it to anyone till they had said: We are only a temptation, therefore disbelieve not (in the guidance of Allah). And from these two (angels) people learn that by which they cause division between man and wife; but they injure thereby no-one save by Allah`s leave. And they learn that which harmeth them and profiteth them not. And surely they do know that he who trafficketh therein will have no (happy) portion in the Hereafter; and surely evil is the price for which they sell their souls, if they but knew. (al-Qur`an 2:102) However, whereas performing miracles in Islamic thought and belief are reserved for only Messengers (al-Rusul - those Prophets who came with a new Revealed Text) and Prophets (al-Anbiyaa - those Prophets who came to continue the specific law and Revelation of a previous Messenger) ; supernatural acts are also believed to be performed by Awliyaa - the spiritually accomplished, through Ma`rifah - and referred to as Karaamaat (extraordinary acts). Disbelief in the miracles of the Prophets is considered an act of disbelief; belief in the miracles of any given pious individual is not. Neither are regarded as magic, but as signs of Allah at the hands of those close to Him that occur by His will and His alone.
magicians seek the help of theJinn in magic. it is common belief that jinns can possess a human, thus requiring Exorcism. (It should be noted though, that the belief in jinns in general is part of the muslim faith. Imam Muslim narrated the Prophet said: "Allah created the angels from light, created the jinn from the pure flame of fire, and Adam from that which was described to you (i.e., the clay.)") Scientists of the history in religion have linked magical practises in Islam with pre-islamic Turkish and East African customs. Most noteably of these customs is the Zar Ceremony.Geister, Magier und Muslime. Dí¤monenwelt und Geisteraustreibung im Islam. Kornelius Hentschel, Diederichs 1997, GermanyMagic and Divination in Early Islam (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World) by Emilie Savage-Smith (Ed.), Ashgate Publishing 2004
Afrika
Africans have a wide range of views of traditional religions. African Christians typically accept Christian dogma as do their counterparts in Latin America and Asia. The term witch doctor, often attributed to Zulu ``inyanga``, has been misconstrued to mean "a healer who uses witchcraft" rather than its original meaning of "one who diagnoses and cures maladies caused by witches" (using practices indistinguishable from Witchcraft). Combining Roman Catholic beliefs and practices and traditional West African religious beliefs and practices are several syncretic religions in the Americas, including Voudun, Obeah, Candomblí©, Quimbanda and Santería.In Southern African traditions, there are three classifications of somebody who uses magic. The ``thakathi`` is usually improperly translated into English as "witch", and is a spiteful person who operates in secret to harm others. The ``sangoma`` is a diviner, somewhere on a par with a fortune teller, and is employed in detecting illness, predicting a person`s future (or advising them on which path to take), or identifying the guilty party in a crime. She also practices some degree of medicine. The ``inyanga`` is often translated as "witch doctor" (though many Southern Africans resent this implication, as it perpetuates the mistaken belief that a "witch doctor" is in some sense a ``practitioner`` of malicious magic). The ``inyangas job is to heal illness and injury and provide customers with magical items for everyday use. Of these three categories the ``thakatha`` is almost exclusively female, the ``sangoma`` is usually female, and the ``inyanga`` is almost exclusively male.
In some Central African areas, malicious magic users are believed by locals to be the source of terminal illness such as AIDS and cancer. In such cases, various methods are used to rid the person from the bewitching spirit, often Physical abuse and Psychological abuse. Children are often accused of being witches. A young niece may be blamed for the illness of a relative. Most of these cases of abuse go unreported since the members of the society that witness such abuse are too afraid of being accused of being accomplices. It is also believed that witchcraft can be transmitted to children by feeding. Parents discourage their children from interacting with people believed to be witches.
Neopaganizm
As forms of Neopaganism can be quite different and have very different origins, these representations can vary considerably despite the shared name.Wicca
main|Wicca During the 20th century interest in witchcraft in English-speaking and European countries began to increase, inspired particularly by Margaret Murray`s theory of a pan-European witch-cult originally published in 1921, since discredited by further careful historical research.Rose, Elliot, ``A Razor for a Goat``, University of Toronto Press, 1962. Hutton, Ronald, ``The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles``, Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. Hutton, Ronald, ``The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft``, Oxford University Press, 1999 Interest was intensified, however, by Gerald Gardner`s claim in 1954 that a form of witchcraft still existed in England. The truth of Gardner`s claim is now disputed too, with different historians offering evidence forcite book |last=Heselton |first=Philip |authorlink=Philip Heselton |title=Wiccan Rootscite book |last=Heselton |first=Philip |authorlink=Philip Heselton |title=Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration or againstKelly, Aidan, "Crafting the Art of Magic," Llewellyn Publications, 1991Hutton, Ronald, "Triumph of the Moon," Oxford University Press, 1999. the religion`s existence prior to Gardner.The Wicca that Gardner taught was a religious witchcraft, an initiatory secret society with positive ethical principles, organised into autonomous covens and led by a High Priesthood. Wiccan writings and ritual show borrowings from a number of sources including 19th and 20th century ceremonial magic, the medieval grimoire known as the Key of Solomon, Aleister Crowley`s Ordo Templi Orientis, and pre-Christian religions. They practice a form of duotheistic universalism.
Since Gardner`s death in 1964 the "Wicca" that he claimed he was initiated into has attracted many initiates, becoming the largest of the various "witchcraft" traditions in the Western world, and has influenced various occult movements and groups. In particular it has inspired a large movement of "Eclectic Wiccans" who are not initiated into the original lineage but have adopted similar practices and beliefs.
In Wicca men and women are equally termed "witches", never "warlocks", since they consider the latter term derogatory.Walker, Wren (1999). ``Witch/Wiccan FAQ`` from The Witches` Voice. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Rekonstrüktif
main|Polytheistic reconstructionism The basis of various historical forms of witchcraft find their roots in pre-Christian cultural practices. There has been a strong movement to recreate pre-Christian traditions where the old forms have been lost for various reasons, including practices such as Divination, Seid and various forms of Shamanism. There have been a number of pagan practitioners claiming inheritance to non-Gardnerian traditions as well.Popüler kültürde cadılar
Sinema
``Practical Magic``, ``The Craft``, ``Hocus Pocus``,The Blair Witch Project , ``Harry Potter`` gibi pek çok filmde cadılar konu edilmiştir. Bu filmlerde cadılar süpürge, asa ve kazanlarla ilişkilendirilmiştirler.Kitaplar
One of the most famous series, the Harry Potter books, are set in a world populated by Witches and Wizards.Another rather popular series of books that deal with witches are the Sweep or Wicca series by Cate Tiernan. The series contains fourteen books and one novel that follow the story of Morgan Rowlands, a girl who finds out she is descended from a long line of witches. Along with Morgan, other characters develop their own role in Wicca, and relationships. The books deal with teen problems, and many teens can relate to the stories on countless levels.
Yakın tarih
Especially in media aimed at children (such as fairy tales), witches are often depicted as wicked old women with wrinkled skin and pointy hats, clothed in black or purple, with warts on their noses and sometimes long claw-like fingernails. Like the three "Weird Sisters" from Macbeth, they are often portrayed as concocting potions in large cauldrons. Witches typically ride through the air on a broomstick as in the Harry Potter universe or in more modern spoof versions, a vacuum cleaner as in the Hocus Pocus universe. One of the most famous recent depictions is the Wicked Witch of the West, from L. Frank Baum`s ``The Wonderful Wizard of Oz``.Etimoloji
Oxford English Dictionary`ye (Oxford İngilizce Sözlük) göre, ``cadı`` (İng. Witch) sözcüğü dates back to Old English where the noun forms were ``wicca`` (masc.) and ``wicce`` (fem.), from the Old English verb ``wiccian`` (`to practise witchcraft`, `to put a spell upon (a person)`) and from a Proto-Germanic predecessor thereof. The American Heritage Dictionary suggests connection to the Proto-Indo-European root ``*weg-`` (`to be lively`, `to be wakeful or alert`),``The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language`` 4th Edition, online (2000): witch and *weg-. Accessed 3 May 2006. and offers the Proto-Germanic reconstruction *``wikkjaz`` (`one who wakes the dead`) as a probable ancestor. A contemporary cognate may be found in the Low German ``wicker`` (`soothsayer`).[5]. In Old English, ``wicca`` and ``wicce`` may have had a specific sense now lost to modern scholars but suggested by the presence of synonyms, such as ``gealdricge`` and ``scinlí¦ce``.The Middle English word ``wicche`` did not differentiate between masculine and feminine, however the masculine meaning became less common in Standard English, being replaced by words like `wizard` and `warlock`. The modern spelling ``witch`` with the medial `t` first appears in the 15th century. In current colloquial English "witch" is almost exclusively applied to women, although some Wiccans and other Neopagans apply it equally to men and women.
The Old English plural form for both the masculine and feminine nouns was ``wiccan`` (= "witches") and ``wiccecrí¦ft`` was "witchcraft". The earliest recorded use of the word is in the ``Laws of í†lfred`` which date to circa 890:``Oxford English Dictionary`` Online, 2nd Edition (1989).Bosworth, Joseph & T. Northcote Toller. (1998) ``An Anglo-Saxon dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth; edited and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller.`` Oxford: Oxford University Press (reprint of 1898 edition). ISBN 0-19-863101-4 Online Etymology Dictionary - ``witch``
Tha faemnan, the gewuniath onfon gealdorcraeftigan and scinlaecan and wiccan, ne laet thu tha libban.
Women who are accustomed to receiving enchanters and sorceresses and witches, do not let them live!
In the homilies of the Old English grammarian í†lfric, dating to the late 10th century we find:
Ne sceal se cristena befrinan tha fulan wiccan be his gesundfulnysse.
A Christian should not consult foul witches concerning his prosperity.
In both these examples ``wiccan`` is the plural noun, not an adjective. The adjective ``fulan`` (foul) can mean "physically unclean" as well as "morally or spiritually unclean" or "wicked".
In Old English glossaries the words ``wicce`` and ``wicca`` are used to gloss such Latin terms as ``hariolus``, ``conjector``, and ``pythonyssa``, all of which mean `diviner`, `soothsayer`, which suggests a possible role of fortune-teller for the witch in Anglo-Saxon times. However, since bilingual glossaries provide only crude correspondences between similar words in different languages, these glossarial connections are uncertain.Fact|date=February 2007 Anglo-Saxon Britain was progressively converted to Christianity from the 5th century onwards, but the bulk of the surviving Old English texts date only from the 10th to 12th centuries. Furthermore, the surviving corpus of texts for the most part represent the language of the literary and learned Anglo-Saxons, principally religious or court men. Of the vernacular tongue used by the peasantry, villagers, and presumably practitioners of "wiccecrí¦ft", virtually nothing survives. Therefore, it can be assumed that any mention of witches or witchcraft in Old English texts will basically reflect the views of the medieval Christian Church.Fact|date=February 2007
The word ``wicca`` is associated with animistic healing rites in Halitgar`s Latin Penitential where it is stated that
``Some men are so blind that they bring their offering to earth-fast stone and also to trees and to wellsprings, as the witches teach, and are unwilling to understand how stupidly they do or how that dead stone or that dumb tree might help them or give forth health when they themselves are never able to stir from their place.``
The phrase ``swa wiccan tí¦caí¾`` ("as the witches teach") seems to be an addition to Halitgar`s original, added by an 11th century Old English translator.cite book|author = Petterson, David C|title = Hostile Witnesses: Rescuing the History of Witchcraft from the Writings of Scholars and Churchmen|publisher = David C. Petterson|location = PO Box 62266, St. Louis Pk, MN 55426|
Ayrıca bkz.
- Psişik Güçler Platformu
- Balthasar Bekker
- Catalan mythology about witches
- Kalku
- List of fictional witches
- List of magical terms and traditions
- Lysa Hora
- Osculum infame
- Paganizm
- Seid
- Şamanism
- Sorginak (Bask cadıları)
- Voodoo
- Büyücü
- Wicca
- Witch doctor
- Wyrd
- Zar
Notlar
Linkler
commonscat|Witches- Bibliography for the Study of Magic Witchcraft and Religion, James Dow, Professor of Anthropology at Oakland University
- Some historical notes on the witch-craze from historian Trevor Roper
- Kabbalah On Witchcraft - A Jewish view (Audio) chabad.org
- Old Witchcraft by Bob Andrews
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Witchcraft
- Witchcraft in the Catholic Encyclopedia on (New Advent)
- Witchcraft and Devil Lore in the Channel Islands, 1886, by John Linwood Pitts, from Project Gutenberg
- A Treatise of Witchcraft, 1616, by Alexander Roberts, from Project Gutenberg
- The Witches` Voice 1997-2007 Cadıların Sesi Inc
- [6] Geleneksel İngiliz cadılık sitesi.
